The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, pronounced I-triple-E) is a professional organization that hosts tech focused publications and conferences. A third of the world's literature in computing is published by IEEE.
You should use IEEE if your assignment instructions call for it, or if you are trying to publish/present through IEEE.
In-text References
IEEE uses numerical in-text references, that correspond to full-text references which appear at the end of a document. These references should:
- be numbered in order of appearance (starting at 1)
- appear before punctuation
- be in square brackets
For instance:
- Recent work [3], [4], [5] suggests...
- ... when this pattern was initially observed [1].
- ... which falls in line with previous research on A.I. [6], [7].
If you cite a source at multiple points in a paper, use the first number for both in-text references to avoid duplication and confusion.
Reference List
At the end of your document, add a separate page with "References" at the top of the page. List each source used, again, in order that you cited them in the paper. Put the numbers in square brackets, along the left margin, with a space between the number and the rest of the reference. See linked examples at the bottom of this page. Other notes:
- List up to 6 authors, with the format A. B. Surname, C. D. Surname, E. F. Surname, G. H. Surname, I. J. Surname, and K. L. Surname.
- If there are more than 6 authors, use the format A. B. Surname et al.
- When referencing an output from an IEEE publication, use the abbreviations listed in this document rather than their full names
- Use title case for book and journal titles (i.e. IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag.)
- Use sentence case for article and technical report titles (i.e. Detecting hotspots in network data based on spectral graph theory)
- If you're unsure whether to use title or sentence case, utilize the formatting used in the original work
Examples
Conference Proceedings
[#] Author, “Title”, in Conference Proceedings, Editor, Ed., City, State, Country, Month year, page range.
[1] R. Kakkar, S. Chaudhary, R. Gupta, S. Tanwar, and S. Kumar, “Blockchain-based decentralized application for electric vehicle scheduling at charging station”, in ACMSE ’24 Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Southeast Conference, E. Gamess, Ed., Marietta, GA, USA, Apr. 2024, pp. 2-8.
Technical Reports
[#] Author, “Title,” Institution, City, State, Country, report #, year.
[2] D. Panagiotakopoulos, “A CPM time-cost computational algorithm for realistic activity cost functions,” Dept. Civil Engineering., McGill Univ., Montreal, Canada, UES 75-11, 1975.
Patents
[#] Author, “Title”, Country Patent #, Month day, year.
[3] G. J. Reesor, “Telephone handsfree algorithm”, CA 2052351, May 23, 2000.
Journal Articles
[#] Author, “Title,” Journal, volume, number, page range, month year, DOI.
[4] P. Jing, et al., “Towards artificial general intelligence with hybrid Tianjic chip architecture”, Nature, vol. 572, no. 7767, pp. 106-111, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1424-8
Websites
[#] Author. “Page.” Website. URL (accessed month day, year).
[5] C. Stryker and E. Kavlakoglu. “What is AI?” IBM. https://www.ibm.com/topics/artificial-intelligence (accessed Nov. 21, 2024).
Theses and Dissertations
[#] Author, “Title,” document type, Department, University, City, State, Country, Year.
[6] L. Bidlake, “Grailog KS Viz 2.0: graph-logic knowledge visualization by XML-based translation”, M.C.S. thesis, Dept. Comp. Sci., University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada, 2016.
Print Book
[#] Author,Title, volume, edition. City, State, Country: Publisher, year.
[7] D. Liben-Nowell, Connecting Discrete Mathematics and Computer Science, 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
E-book
[#] Author, Title, volume, edition. City, State, Country: Publisher, year. [Online]. Available: URL. Accessed: month day, year.
[8] J. Vince, Mathematics for Computer Graphics. London, UK: Springer, 2006. [Online]. Available: https://unb.on.worldcat.org/oclc/262691978. Accessed: Nov. 21, 2024.
Book Chapter
[#] Author, “Chapter,” in Title, volume, edition. City, State, Country: Publisher, year, chapter, section, page range.
[9] A. Cardon, “The computational model, computer science and physical concepts,” in Information Organization of The Universe and Living Things: Generation of Space, Quantum and Molecular Elements, Coactive Generation of Living Organisms and Multiagent Model, vol. 3. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley-ISTE, 2022, ch. 1, pp. 1-13.
